The growth performance, body composition and nonspecific immunity of white shrimps (Litopenaeus vannamei) affected by dietary Astragalus membranaceus polysaccharide.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Astragalus membranaceus polysaccharide (AMP) on the growth performance, body composition and non-specific immune index of white shrimps (Litopenaeus vannamei). AMP was used to replace 0 (control), 10, 30, and 50 g kg-1 of the cellulose in the basic diet to formulate four kinds of test feeds. Sixplicate groups of shrimps with an average weight of 0.51 ± 0.03 g were fed with one of diets four times daily. Dietary 50 and 30 g kg-1 of AMP increased body weight gain, feed efficiency, body protein, superoxide dismutase activity, catalase activity, acid phosphatase activity, lysozyme, disease resistance ability against Vibrio alginolyticus and decreased body lipid level of shrimps compared with those of the control group. However, a high level of AMP (50 g kg-1) did not improve the efficiency of AMP on the growth performance, body composition and non-specific immune index of shrimps further compared to moderate level of AMP (30 g kg-1). The results demonstrated that AMP with appropriate dose could promote the growth of shrimps and improve their disease resistance.

Antialgal compounds with antialgal activity against the common red tide microalgae from a green algae Ulva pertusa.

Nine antialgal active compounds, (i.e. trehalose (1), twenty-two methyl carbonate (2), (-)-dihydromenisdaurilide (3), 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol (4), isophytol (5), 8-hexadecenol (6), 17-hydroxyheptadecanoic acid (7), trans-asarone (8) and 2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid (9)) were isolated from Ulva pertusa for the first time by sephadex LH-20 column chromatography, silica gel column chromatography and repeated preparative TLC. Except for compound 4, all compounds represented novel isolated molecules from marine macroalgae. Further, antialgal activities of these compounds against Amphidinium carterae, Heterosigma akashiwo, Karenia mikimitoi, Phaeocystis globosa, Prorocentrum donghaiense and Skeletonema costatum were investigated for the first time. Results showed these nine compounds have selectivity antialgal effects on all test red tide microalgae, and antialgal activities against red tide microalgae obviously enhanced with the increase of concentration of antialgal compounds. Based on this, EC50-96 h values of these nine compounds for six red tide microalgae were obtained for the first time. By analyzing and comparing EC50-96 h values, it has been determined that seven compounds (1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8 and 9) showed the superior application potential than potassium dichromate or gossonorol and other six compounds as a characteristic antialgal agent against Heterosigma akashiwo, Karenia mikimitoi and Prorocentrum donghaiense. Overall this study has suggested that green algae Ulva pertusa is a new source of bioactive compounds with antialgal activity.

Sesquiterpenoids with antialgal activity against the common red tide microalgae from marine macroalga Porphyra yezoensis.

Previous studies showed that methanol extracts from Porphyra yezoensis significantly inhibited Karenia mikimitoi and Skeletonema costatum. Five sesquiterpenoids (1-5) were successfully isolated from this marine macroalga through a combination of silica gel column chromatography and repeated preparative thin-layer chromatography in this paper. Their structure was identified as gossonorol (1), 7,10-epoxy-ar-bisabol-11-ol (2), cyclonerodiol (3), cadinol, (4) and 4-cadinen-1-ol (5) on the basis of spectroscopic data. These sesquiterpenoids were isolated from Porphyra yezoensis for the first time, and cyclonerodiol (3) and cadinol (4) isolated from marine macroalgae for the first time. Further, a quantitative relationship between the inhibition of algal growth and the concentration of each antialgal sesquiterpenoid (gossonorol, 7,10-epoxy-ar-bisabol-11-ol and cyclonerodiol) was determined and important parameters, e.g., EC50-96h for future practical HAB control are to be obtained. Results showed that three sesquiterpenoids (1-3) had selective antialgal activity against the growth of red tide microalgae (Amphidinium carterae, Heterosigma akashiwo, Karenia mikimitoi, Phaeocystis globosa, Prorocentrum donghaiense, and Skeletonema costatum). More than two test red tide microalgae were significantly inhibited by these three sesquiterpenoids (1-3). Their antialgal activity against red tide microalgae has not been previously reported. Furthermore, EC50-96h of gossonorol (1) and 7,10-epoxy-ar-bisabol-11-ol (2) for specific test red microalgae were not only significantly less than 10 µg/mL, but also were smaller than/or very close to those of potassium dichromate. Gossonorol (1) and 7,10-epoxy-ar-bisabol-11-ol (2) possessed good application potential than potassium dichromate as a characteristic antialgal agent against the specific harmful red tide microalgae (Heterosigma akashiwo, Phaeocystis globosa, and Prorocentrum donghaiense) (or Heterosigma akashiwo and Karenia mikimitoi).

Isolation and purification of antialgal compounds from the red alga Gracilaria lemaneiformis for activity against common harmful red tide microalgae.

Seven antialgal compounds (1-7) were successfully isolated from the red alga Gracilaria lemaneiformis through a combination of silica gel column chromatography and repeated preparative thin-layer chromatography. On the basis of the spectral data, the compounds were identified as gossonorol (1), 7,10-epoxy-ar-bisabol-11-ol (2), glycerol monopalmitate (3), stigmasterol (4), 15-hydroxymethyl-2, 6, 10, 18, 22, 26, 30-heptamethyl-14-methylene-17-hentriacontene (5), 4-hydroxyphenethyl alcohol (6), and margaric acid (7). These seven compounds were isolated from G. lemaneiformis for the first time, while the compounds 4, 6, and 7 were isolated from marine macroalgae for the first time. Furthermore, a quantitative relationship between the inhibition of algal growth and the concentration of each antialgal compound was determined and important parameters for future practical HAB control, e.g., EC50-96h, were also obtained. The results indicated that isolated compounds 1-7 possess selective antialgal activity against the growth of several red tide microalgae (including Amphidinium carterae, Heterosigma akashiwo, Karenia mikimitoi, Phaeocystis globsa, Prorocentrum donghaiense, and Skeletonema costatum). Their antialgal activity against test red tide microalgae has not been previously reported. Furthermore, the EC50-96h of one or more of the compounds towards the tested red microalgae was not only significantly less than 10 µg/mL but also was smaller than that of the characteristic antialgal agent potassium dichromate. The study demonstrates that compounds 1-7 possess significant application potential as antialgal agents against several harmful red tide microalgae.

Isolation, purification, and identification of antialgal substances in green alga Ulva prolifera for antialgal activity against the common harmful red tide microalgae.

Ten compounds (1~10) were successfully isolated from green algae Ulva prolifera through the combination of silica gel column chromatography, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and repeated preparative thin-layer chromatography. These ten compounds showed antialgal activity against red tide microalgae. Among them, compounds 3, 6, and 7 showed stronger antialgal activity against red tide microalgae. Furthermore, their structure was identified on the basis of spectroscopic data. There are three glycoglycerolipids: 1-O-octadecanoic acid-3-O-ß-D-galactopyranosyl glycerol (2), 1-O-palmitoyl-3-O-ß-D-galactopyranosyl glycerol (4), and 1-O-palmitoyl-2-O-oleoyl-3-O-ß-D-galactopyranosyl glycerol (5); two monoglycerides: glycerol monopalmitate (1), 9-hexadecenoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester (3); two terpenoids: loliolide (6) and lsololiolide (7); one lipid-soluble pigments: zeaxanthin (8); one sterol: cholest-5-en-3-ol (9); and one alkaloid: pyrrolopiperazine-2,5-dione (10). These compounds were isolated from U. prolifera for the first time, and compounds 2, 3, 5, and 8 were isolated from marine macroalgae for the first time.

[Isolation, Purification and Identification of Antialgal Activity Substances of Ethyl Acetate Extracts from the Submerged Macrophytes Potamogeton crispus].

Previous studies showed that ethyl acetate extracts from the submerged macrophytes Potamogeton crispus can significantly inhibit the growth of Karenia mikimitoi. Further, two antialgal activity compounds (1-2) were successfully isolated from this submerged macrophytes through a combination of silica gel column chromagraphy and repeated preparative thin-layer chromatography in this paper. These two antialgal activity compounds exhibited antialgal active against Karenia mikimitoi. Furthermore, their structure were identified on the basis of spectroscopic data: one flavonid named Trichodermatides B, and one alkaloid named 2-methylheptylisonicotinate. These two compounds were for the first time isolated from both Potamogeton crispus and submerged macrophytes.

The isolation and antioxidant activity of polysaccharides from the marine microalgae Isochrysis galbana.

Three polysaccharides, IPSI-A, IPSI-B and IPSII, were successfully isolated from the marine microalgae Isochrysis galbana through a combination of anion-exchange column chromatography and repeated gel chromatography. These three polysaccharides were demonstrated to have moderate scavenging activities against superoxide and hydroxyl radicals and moderate reductive power in a concentration-dependent manner. The IPSII demonstrated more effective antioxidant activities than IPSI-A and IPSI-B. IPSII had a molecular weight of 15.934 kDa belonging to a ß-type heteropolysaccharide with a pyran group and primarily contained mannose with variable amounts of glucose, galactose and rhamnose based on an analysis of infrared spectroscopy (IR), electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)H NMR).